home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether
- if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called
- cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two
- types of models: Big Bang and Steady State. However, through
- many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory can best
- explain the creation of the universe.
- The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion
- years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an
- event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the
- matter and radiation of our present universe were packed together
- in the primeval fireball--an extremely hot dense state from which
- the universe rapidly expanded.1 The Big Bang was the start of
- time and space. The matter and radiation of that early stage
- rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it
- condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand,
- and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever
- since. Today the universe is still expanding, as astronomers
- have observed.
- The Steady State model says that the universe does not
- evolve or change in time. There was no beginning in the past,
- nor will there be change in the future. This model assumes the
- perfect cosmological principle. This principle says that the
- universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all
- times.2 It maintains the same average density of matter forever.
- There are observational evidences found that can prove the
- Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model.
- First, the redshifts of distant galaxies. Redshift is a Doppler
- effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral
- line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end.
- The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the
- galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue
- shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all.
- However, as astronomers observed, the more distance a galaxy is
- located from Earth, the more redshift it shows on the spectrum.
- This means the further a galaxy is, the faster it moves.
- Therefore, the universe is expanding, and the Big Bang model
- seems more reasonable than the Steady State model.
- The second observational evidence is the radiation produced
- by the Big Bang. The Big Bang model predicts that the universe
- should still be filled with a small remnant of radiation left
- over from the original violent explosion of the primeval fireball
- in the past. The primeval fireball would have sent strong
- shortwave radiation in all directions into space. In time, that
- radiation would spread out, cool, and fill the expanding universe
- uniformly. By now it would strike Earth as microwave radiation.
- In 1965 physicists Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected
- microwave radiation coming equally from all directions in the
- sky, day and night, all year.3 And so it appears that
- astronomers have detected the fireball radiation that was
- produced by the Big Bang. This casts serious doubt on the Steady
- State model. The Steady State could not explain the existence of
- this radiation, so the model cannot best explain the beginning of
- the universe.
- Since the Big Bang model is the better model, the existence
- and the future of the universe can also be explained. Around 15
- to 20 billion years ago, time began. The points that were to
- become the universe exploded in the primeval fireball called the
- Big Bang. The exact nature of this explosion may never be known.
- However, recent theoretical breakthroughs, based on the
- principles of quantum theory, have suggested that space, and the
- matter within it, masks an infinitesimal realm of utter chaos,
- where events happen randomly, in a state called quantum
- weirdness.4
- Before the universe began, this chaos was all there was. At
- some time, a portion of this randomness happened to form a
- bubble, with a temperature in excess of 10 to the power of 34
- degrees Kelvin. Being that hot, naturally it expanded. For an
- extremely brief and short period, billionths of billionths of a
- second, it inflated. At the end of the period of inflation, the
- universe may have a diameter of a few centimetres. The
- temperature had cooled enough for particles of matter and
- antimatter to form, and they instantly destroy each other,
- producing fire and a thin haze of matter-apparently because
- slightly more matter than antimatter was formed.5 The fireball,
- and the smoke of its burning, was the universe at an age of
- trillionth of a second.
- The temperature of the expanding fireball dropped rapidly,
- cooling to a few billion degrees in few minutes. Matter
- continued to condense out of energy, first protons and neutrons,
- then electrons, and finally neutrinos. After about an hour, the
- temperature had dropped below a billion degrees, and protons and
- neutrons combined and formed hydrogen, deuterium, helium. In a
- billion years, this cloud of energy, atoms, and neutrinos had
- cooled enough for galaxies to form. The expanding cloud cooled
- still further until today, its temperature is a couple of degrees
- above absolute zero.
- In the future, the universe may end up in two possible
- situations. From the initial Big Bang, the universe attained a
- speed of expansion. If that speed is greater than the universe's
- own escape velocity, then the universe will not stop its
- expansion. Such a universe is said to be open. If the velocity
- of expansion is slower than the escape velocity, the universe
- will eventually reach the limit of its outward thrust, just like
- a ball thrown in the air comes to the top of its arc, slows,
- stops, and starts to fall. The crash of the long fall may be the
- Big Bang to the beginning of another universe, as the fireball
- formed at the end of the contraction leaps outward in another
- great expansion.6 Such a universe is said to be closed, and
- pulsating.
- If the universe has achieved escape velocity, it will
- continue to expand forever. The stars will redden and die, the
- universe will be like a limitless empty haze, expanding
- infinitely into the darkness. This space will become even
- emptier, as the fundamental particles of matter age, and decay
- through time. As the years stretch on into infinity, nothing
- will remain. A few primitive atoms such as positrons and
- electrons will be orbiting each other at distances of hundreds of
- astronomical units.7 These particles will spiral slowly toward
- each other until touching, and they will vanish in the last flash
- of light. After all, the Big Bang model is only an assumption.
- No one knows for sure that exactly how the universe began and how
- it will end. However, the Big Bang model is the most logical and
- reasonable theory to explain the universe in modern science.
- ENDNOTES
-
- 1. Dinah L. Mache, Astronomy, New York: John Wiley & Sons,
- Inc., 1987. p. 128.
-
- 2. Ibid., p. 130.
-
- 3. Joseph Silk, The Big Bang, New York: W.H. Freeman and
- Company, 1989. p. 60.
-
- 4. Terry Holt, The Universe Next Door, New York: Charles
- Scribner's Sons, 1985. p. 326.
-
- 5. Ibid., p. 327.
-
- 6. Charles J. Caes, Cosmology, The Search For The Order Of
- The Universe, USA: Tab Books Inc., 1986. p. 72.
-
- 7. John Gribbin, In Search Of The Big Bang, New York: Bantam
- Books, 1986. p. 273.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
-
- Boslough, John. Stephen Hawking's Universe. New York: Cambridge
- University Press, 1980.
-
- Caes, J. Charles. Cosmology, The Search For The Order Of The
- Universe. USA: Tab Books Inc., 1986.
-
- Gribbin, John. In Search Of The Big Bang. New York: Bantam
- Books, 1986.
-
- Holt, Terry. The Universe Next Door. New York: Charles
- Scribner's Sons, 1985.
-
- Kaufmann, J. William III. Astronomy: The Structure Of The
- Universe. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1977.
-
- Mache, L. Dinah. Astronomy. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
- 1987.
-
- Silk, Joseph. The Big Bang. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company,
- 1989.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-